{"id":4906,"date":"2026-06-01T13:12:05","date_gmt":"2026-06-01T11:12:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/taniagombert.com\/index.php\/2026\/06\/02\/biais-algorithmiques-lia-reproduit-nos-inegalites\/"},"modified":"2026-06-02T12:00:13","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T10:00:13","slug":"biais-algorithmiques-ia-inegalites","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/taniagombert.com\/index.php\/2026\/06\/01\/biais-algorithmiques-ia-inegalites\/","title":{"rendered":"Biais algorithmiques : l&rsquo;IA reproduit nos in\u00e9galit\u00e9s"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4906\" class=\"elementor elementor-4906 elementor-bc-flex-widget\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-43356ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"43356ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5fca092\" data-id=\"5fca092\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7a803b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c7a803b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Biais algorithmiques : l'IA reproduit nos in\u00e9galit\u00e9s<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3618e2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3618e2d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f22276d\" data-id=\"f22276d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcf31a3 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dcf31a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/taniagombert.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/charte-anita\/blog\/biais.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"Vagues de donn\u00e9es et une silhouette, \u00e9vocation des biais algorithmiques\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-83c4035\" data-id=\"83c4035\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6455967 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6455967\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tg-chapeau\"><p>En 2018, Amazon retire son outil de recrutement par IA apr\u00e8s avoir constat\u00e9 qu&rsquo;il p\u00e9nalise syst\u00e9matiquement les candidatures f\u00e9minines. L&rsquo;algorithme avait appris sur dix ans d&#8217;embauches internes. Dix ans de donn\u00e9es dans un secteur majoritairement masculin. La machine n&rsquo;avait rien invent\u00e9 : elle avait reproduit, \u00e0 grande vitesse et \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle, ce que les humains pratiquaient depuis des d\u00e9cennies.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-tg_share_bar elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"tg_share_bar\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tg-share-bar\">\n  <span class=\"tg-share-label\">Partager cet article<\/span>\n  <div class=\"tg-share-buttons\">\n\n    <a class=\"tg-share-btn tg-share-linkedin\" id=\"tg-btn-linkedin\" href=\"#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Partager sur LinkedIn\">\n      <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\"><path d=\"M20.447 20.452h-3.554v-5.569c0-1.328-.027-3.037-1.852-3.037-1.853 0-2.136 1.445-2.136 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1.164-.173.199-.347.223-.644.075-.297-.15-1.255-.463-2.39-1.475-.883-.788-1.48-1.761-1.653-2.059-.173-.297-.018-.458.13-.606.134-.133.298-.347.446-.52.149-.174.198-.298.298-.497.099-.198.05-.371-.025-.52-.075-.149-.669-1.612-.916-2.207-.242-.579-.487-.5-.669-.51-.173-.008-.371-.01-.57-.01-.198 0-.52.074-.792.372-.272.297-1.04 1.016-1.04 2.479 0 1.462 1.065 2.875 1.213 3.074.149.198 2.096 3.2 5.077 4.487.709.306 1.262.489 1.694.625.712.227 1.36.195 1.871.118.571-.085 1.758-.719 2.006-1.413.248-.694.248-1.289.173-1.413-.074-.124-.272-.198-.57-.347m-5.421 7.403h-.004a9.87 9.87 0 01-5.031-1.378l-.361-.214-3.741.982.998-3.648-.235-.374a9.86 9.86 0 01-1.51-5.26c.001-5.45 4.436-9.884 9.888-9.884 2.64 0 5.122 1.03 6.988 2.898a9.825 9.825 0 012.893 6.994c-.003 5.45-4.437 9.884-9.885 9.884m8.413-18.297A11.815 11.815 0 0012.05 0C5.495 0 .16 5.335.157 11.892c0 2.096.547 4.142 1.588 5.945L.057 24l6.305-1.654a11.882 11.882 0 005.683 1.448h.005c6.554 0 11.89-5.335 11.893-11.893a11.821 11.821 0 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data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;slideshow&quot;,&quot;background_slideshow_gallery&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:3638,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/taniagombert.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/05\\\/Paper_09.png&quot;}],&quot;background_slideshow_loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;background_slideshow_slide_duration&quot;:5000,&quot;background_slideshow_slide_transition&quot;:&quot;fade&quot;,&quot;background_slideshow_transition_duration&quot;:500}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-79752f8\" data-id=\"79752f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-tg_styles elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"tg_styles\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\n\/* ============================================================\n   TANIA GOMBERT \u00b7 Article editorial v3.0 (28\/05\/2026)\n   Charte Anita Marqueze 2024 \u00b7 scrapbook feministe premium pop-art\n   Palette : rouge passion #AC0C2E \u00b7 bleu nuit #070738 \u00b7 creme #FAF3E8\n   Fonts   : Gloock (H1\/H2) \u00b7 Lora (corps serif) \u00b7 Allura (accents Sergia-like)\n   ============================================================ *\/\n\n@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Gloock&family=Lora:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600&family=Allura&display=swap');\n\n\/* === Tokens couleur Anita === *\/\n.tg-article-eyebrow,\n.tg-chapeau,\n.tg-body,\n.tg-citation,\n.tg-cta-block,\n.tg-et-si,\n.tg-hashtags,\n.tg-signature {\n  --tg-rouge: #AC0C2E;\n  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.tg-chapeau p::first-letter { font-size: 3.7em; }\n  .tg-citation {\n    padding: 1.9rem 1.5rem 1.4rem 3rem;\n    margin: 2.8rem auto 2.2rem;\n  }\n  .tg-citation::before { font-size: 5rem; left: 0.4rem; }\n  .tg-citation .tg-citation-text { font-size: 1.18rem; }\n  .tg-et-si {\n    padding: 1.85rem 1rem;\n    margin: 2.8rem auto 2.2rem;\n  }\n  .tg-et-si p { font-size: 1.5rem; }\n  .tg-cta-block { padding: 1.5rem 1.5rem 1.4rem; }\n  .tg-cta-block .tg-cta-prompt { font-size: 1.1rem; }\n  .tg-cta-block .tg-cta-actions {\n    flex-direction: column;\n    align-items: stretch;\n  }\n  .tg-cta-block .tg-cta-btn { text-align: center; }\n  .tg-article-eyebrow {\n    font-size: 0.68rem;\n    gap: 0.55rem;\n    letter-spacing: 0.16em;\n  }\n  .tg-signature { font-size: 1.3rem; }\n}\n<\/style>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-tg_eyebrow elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"tg_eyebrow\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tg-article-eyebrow\">\n  <span class=\"tg-pillar\">Tech, IA et \u00e9thique<\/span>\n  <span class=\"tg-dot\">\u00b7<\/span>\n  <span class=\"tg-meta\"><\/span>\n  <span class=\"tg-dot\">\u00b7<\/span>\n  <span class=\"tg-meta\">7 min de lecture<\/span>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4705a3 tg-section-body elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4705a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'objectivit\u00e9 algorithmique, une fiction bien construite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-055c8c8 tg-section-body elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"055c8c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tg-body\"><p>La promesse originelle de l&rsquo;intelligence artificielle tenait en un mot : neutralit\u00e9. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 l&rsquo;humain h\u00e9site, se laisse influencer, projette ses pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences, la machine calcule. Froide. Pr\u00e9cise. \u00c9quitable.<\/p>\n<p>Cette promesse a servi d&rsquo;argument commercial dans des secteurs entiers. Les banques l&rsquo;ont utilis\u00e9e pour leurs outils de scoring de cr\u00e9dit. Les h\u00f4pitaux pour leurs algorithmes de triage. Les entreprises pour leurs plateformes de recrutement. Les tribunaux am\u00e9ricains, pour l&rsquo;outil COMPAS, cens\u00e9 pr\u00e9dire les risques de r\u00e9cidive, et document\u00e9 comme deux fois plus susceptible de classer \u00e0 tort les hommes noirs comme \u00ab \u00e0 risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 \u00bb compar\u00e9 aux hommes blancs, selon l&rsquo;enqu\u00eate ProPublica de 2016.<\/p>\n<p>La neutralit\u00e9 algorithmique repose sur un postulat jamais formul\u00e9 explicitement : que les donn\u00e9es du pass\u00e9 constituent une base l\u00e9gitime pour d\u00e9cider de l&rsquo;avenir. Or Fran\u00e7oise H\u00e9ritier l&rsquo;avait pos\u00e9 autrement, en parlant des structures de domination : ce qui est ancien n&rsquo;est pas naturel. Ce qui est statistiquement fr\u00e9quent n&rsquo;est pas juste. Quand un algorithme apprend sur des donn\u00e9es historiques, il apprend aussi les discriminations historiques. Il n&rsquo;en corrige aucune. Il les optimise.<\/p>\n<p>Le chercheur Ruha Benjamin appelle \u00e7a le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ruhabenjamin.com\/race-after-technology\" title=\"Race After Technology, Ruha Benjamin\">New Jim Code<\/a> : des technologies pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es comme progressistes qui reproduisent et l\u00e9gitiment des hi\u00e9rarchies anciennes. Le vernis technique rend la discrimination plus difficile \u00e0 contester, parce qu&rsquo;on ne conteste pas un algorithme comme on conteste un chef de service.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5578bb0 tg-section-body elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5578bb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les femmes, variable d'ajustement dans les datasets<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3070cef tg-section-body elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3070cef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tg-body\"><p>Les biais algorithmiques ne frappent pas de fa\u00e7on uniforme. Le genre est l&rsquo;une des variables les plus syst\u00e9matiquement sous-repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es ou mal repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es dans les datasets d&rsquo;entra\u00eenement.<\/p>\n<p>En m\u00e9decine, les cons\u00e9quences sont document\u00e9es et graves. Les algorithmes de d\u00e9tection des maladies cardiovasculaires ont \u00e9t\u00e9 entra\u00een\u00e9s majoritairement sur des donn\u00e9es issues d&rsquo;hommes, parce que les essais cliniques excluaient les femmes jusqu&rsquo;aux ann\u00e9es 1990, par crainte des effets sur la fertilit\u00e9. R\u00e9sultat : les sympt\u00f4mes cardiaques f\u00e9minins, souvent atypiques par rapport au mod\u00e8le masculin de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sont sous-d\u00e9tect\u00e9s par les outils d&rsquo;aide au diagnostic. Une \u00e9tude publi\u00e9e dans <em>The Lancet<\/em> en 2021 sur les algorithmes ECG montrait des performances significativement inf\u00e9rieures pour les femmes dans plusieurs cat\u00e9gories d&rsquo;arythmies.<\/p>\n<p>En recrutement, la situation est document\u00e9e depuis le cas Amazon mais d\u00e9passe largement ce seul acteur. Une <a href=\"https:\/\/hbr.org\/2019\/05\/all-the-ways-hiring-algorithms-can-introduce-bias\" title=\"Harvard Business Review - biais algorithmiques en recrutement\">analyse publi\u00e9e par la Harvard Business Review<\/a> identifie plusieurs m\u00e9canismes r\u00e9currents : les mots-cl\u00e9s associ\u00e9s \u00e0 des parcours masculins valoris\u00e9s dans les donn\u00e9es d&rsquo;entra\u00eenement, les gaps de carri\u00e8re p\u00e9nalis\u00e9s sans contexte (maternit\u00e9, aidance), les r\u00e9seaux de recommandation qui reproduisent l&rsquo;homophilie sociale.<\/p>\n<p>Dans la publicit\u00e9 en ligne, l&rsquo;algorithme de Meta a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9pingl\u00e9 pour avoir diffus\u00e9 les annonces de logements et d&#8217;emplois de fa\u00e7on genr\u00e9e et racialis\u00e9e, m\u00eame quand les annonceurs n&rsquo;avaient formul\u00e9 aucun crit\u00e8re discriminatoire. La discrimination \u00e9tait \u00e9mergente : le syst\u00e8me optimisait pour l&rsquo;engagement, et l&rsquo;engagement pass\u00e9 refl\u00e9tait les s\u00e9gr\u00e9gations existantes.<\/p>\n<p>Ce n&rsquo;est pas de la malveillance. C&rsquo;est de la loterie du hasard de la naissance cod\u00e9e en Python.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37f7e44 tg-section-body elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"37f7e44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'\u00e9thique IA comme d\u00e9partement, la justice comme horizon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-afa778c tg-section-body elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"afa778c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tg-body\"><p>L&rsquo;industrie tech a r\u00e9pondu \u00e0 la pression publique avec une strat\u00e9gie pr\u00e9visible : cr\u00e9er des \u00e9quipes d\u00e9di\u00e9es \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9thique de l&rsquo;IA. Google, Meta, Microsoft, OpenAI ont toutes leurs responsible AI teams. Les grandes entreprises fran\u00e7aises et europ\u00e9ennes suivent. Les rapports annuels mentionnent la fairness, la transparence, la robustesse.<\/p>\n<p>Ce mouvement n&rsquo;est pas sans valeur. Mais il porte une limite structurelle que les chercheuses du <a href=\"https:\/\/ainowinstitute.org\" title=\"AI Now Institute\">AI Now Institute<\/a> ont formul\u00e9e avec pr\u00e9cision : quand l&rsquo;\u00e9thique est un d\u00e9partement, elle peut \u00eatre mise en sourdine. Elle ne peut pas opposer son veto \u00e0 une d\u00e9cision de mise sur le march\u00e9. Elle conseille. Elle ne gouverne pas.<\/p>\n<p>Timnit Gebru, licenci\u00e9e de Google en 2020 apr\u00e8s la publication d&rsquo;une recherche critique sur les grands mod\u00e8les de langage, a rendu visible ce que beaucoup savaient : l&rsquo;\u00e9thique interne d&rsquo;une entreprise tech n&rsquo;est pas ind\u00e9pendante de ses int\u00e9r\u00eats commerciaux. Le conflit d&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eats est structurel.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;AI Act europ\u00e9en, entr\u00e9 en application en 2024, apporte un cadre r\u00e9glementaire in\u00e9dit, le premier du genre au monde. Il classe les syst\u00e8mes d&rsquo;IA selon leur niveau de risque et impose des exigences de transparence et d&rsquo;auditabilit\u00e9 pour les usages \u00e0 fort impact (recrutement, cr\u00e9dit, \u00e9ducation, justice). C&rsquo;est un pas r\u00e9el. Reste \u00e0 voir si les autorit\u00e9s nationales charg\u00e9es de l&rsquo;appliquer disposent des moyens techniques pour auditer des syst\u00e8mes dont la complexit\u00e9 d\u00e9passe souvent celle de leurs propres \u00e9quipes.<\/p>\n<p>La r\u00e9glementation est n\u00e9cessaire. Elle n&rsquo;est pas suffisante si les donn\u00e9es sur lesquelles les mod\u00e8les s&rsquo;entra\u00eenent restent biais\u00e9es \u00e0 la source. Corriger l&rsquo;aval sans corriger l&rsquo;amont, c&rsquo;est changer le robinet sans toucher \u00e0 la tuyauterie.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f45394 tg-section-body elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f45394\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ce que les d\u00e9veloppeurs ne peuvent pas d\u00e9cider seuls<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d450a tg-section-body elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61d450a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tg-body\"><p>Un angle mort persistant dans le d\u00e9bat public : la question de qui d\u00e9cide de ce qui compte comme biais acceptable.<\/p>\n<p>Les \u00e9quipes qui entra\u00eenent les mod\u00e8les font des choix constants. Quelle variable prot\u00e9ger en priorit\u00e9 quand les objectifs d&rsquo;\u00e9quit\u00e9 entrent en tension ? Maximiser l&rsquo;\u00e9quit\u00e9 individuelle ou l&rsquo;\u00e9quit\u00e9 de groupe ? Corriger la repr\u00e9sentation dans les donn\u00e9es d&rsquo;entra\u00eenement ou post-traiter les sorties du mod\u00e8le ? Ces choix ne sont pas techniques. Ce sont des choix \u00e9thiques et politiques d\u00e9guis\u00e9s en d\u00e9cisions d&rsquo;ing\u00e9nierie.<\/p>\n<p>La d\u00e9mographie des \u00e9quipes qui les prennent est connue. Une \u00e9tude du Stanford HAI de 2023 rappelle que les femmes repr\u00e9sentent 26% des postes en IA dans l&rsquo;industrie, et moins de 20% dans les r\u00f4les de recherche fondamentale. Les personnes racis\u00e9es sont encore plus marginalis\u00e9es dans les postes de d\u00e9cision. Les personnes dont les situations de vie sont les moins repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es dans les donn\u00e9es, m\u00e8res isol\u00e9es, aidantes, personnes en situation de handicap, sont quasi absentes des tables o\u00f9 se d\u00e9finissent les crit\u00e8res de fairness.<\/p>\n<p>Ce n&rsquo;est pas un hasard si les biais les plus document\u00e9s frappent pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment ces groupes. Ce n&rsquo;est pas non plus une fatalit\u00e9. C&rsquo;est le r\u00e9sultat de d\u00e9cisions d&rsquo;organisation, de recrutement, de financement, qui peuvent \u00eatre prises autrement.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60ef86c tg-section-body elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"60ef86c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vers une exigence de repr\u00e9sentation comme condition technique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60eb2d1 tg-section-body elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"60eb2d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tg-body\"><p>La sortie de cette impasse est connue dans ses grandes lignes, m\u00eame si son ex\u00e9cution reste difficile : diversifier les \u00e9quipes qui con\u00e7oivent les syst\u00e8mes, diversifier les donn\u00e9es qui les alimentent, et rendre les crit\u00e8res de fairness choisis explicitement auditables par des tiers ind\u00e9pendants.<\/p>\n<p>Plusieurs initiatives montrent que c&rsquo;est possible. Le Algorithmic Justice League fond\u00e9 par Joy Buolamwini documente les biais des syst\u00e8mes de reconnaissance faciale et a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 des retraits de produits chez plusieurs acteurs majeurs. Le projet Datasetsdev examine la composition des datasets publics utilis\u00e9s pour entra\u00eener les grands mod\u00e8les de langage et identifie les populations sur-effac\u00e9es. En Europe, des projets financ\u00e9s par le programme Horizon Europe travaillent \u00e0 des m\u00e9thodes d&rsquo;audit algorithmique reproductibles.<\/p>\n<p>Ces travaux restent marginaux par rapport aux ressources investies dans la course aux performances brutes des mod\u00e8les. Le rapport de force est d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibr\u00e9. L&rsquo;industrie investit des milliards dans la puissance de calcul, des millions dans la fairness. La recherche acad\u00e9mique ind\u00e9pendante sur les biais est chroniquement sous-financ\u00e9e dans la plupart des pays europ\u00e9ens.<\/p>\n<p>Changer cet \u00e9quilibre suppose d&rsquo;accepter que la repr\u00e9sentation dans les \u00e9quipes et dans les donn\u00e9es n&rsquo;est pas une question de diversit\u00e9 d\u00e9corative. C&rsquo;est une condition de qualit\u00e9 technique. Un algorithme de sant\u00e9 qui sous-performe pour la moiti\u00e9 de la population n&rsquo;est pas un bon algorithme. Un outil de recrutement qui filtre selon le genre n&rsquo;est pas neutre : il est d\u00e9faillant.<\/p>\n<p>Nommer la d\u00e9faillance avec ce mot change la conversation. Ce n&rsquo;est plus une question de sensibilit\u00e9. C&rsquo;est une question de standard.<\/p>\n<p>Les entreprises qui ont compris cela avant les autres, et quelques-unes l&rsquo;ont compris, ne traitent pas l&rsquo;\u00e9thique comme un d\u00e9partement. Elles la traitent comme un crit\u00e8re de performance au m\u00eame titre que la pr\u00e9cision du mod\u00e8le ou sa vitesse d&rsquo;inf\u00e9rence. Les audits de biais font partie du cycle de d\u00e9veloppement, pas du rapport annuel RSE.<\/p>\n<p>Le cadre r\u00e9glementaire europ\u00e9en pousse dans cette direction. Mais la r\u00e9glementation seule ne produira pas des \u00e9quipes plus diverses, des datasets plus repr\u00e9sentatifs, ni des chercheurs ind\u00e9pendants mieux financ\u00e9s. Ces trois conditions rel\u00e8vent de d\u00e9cisions que des personnes pr\u00e9cises doivent prendre : dirigeants d&rsquo;entreprises tech, investisseurs, responsables de politique publique, directrices de ressources humaines.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;IA ne r\u00e9soudra pas les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s que nous n&rsquo;avons pas r\u00e9solues nous-m\u00eames. Elle peut, si nous le d\u00e9cidons, arr\u00eater de les amplifier.<\/p>\n<p><em>Et si le vrai test d&rsquo;un algorithme \u00e9thique n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas ce qu&rsquo;il optimise, mais ce qu&rsquo;il refuse de perp\u00e9tuer ?<\/em><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-tg_citation elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"tg_citation\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tg-citation\">\n  <p class=\"tg-citation-text\">\"L'algorithme ne ment pas. Il dit exactement ce qu'on lui a appris \u00e0 voir. La question n'est pas de corriger la machine : c'est de d\u00e9cider, enfin, ce que nous voulons qu'elle apprenne.\", Tania Gombert<\/p>\n  <span class=\"tg-citation-author\">Tania Gombert<\/span>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-tg_cta elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"tg_cta\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tg-cta-block\">\n  <p class=\"tg-cta-prompt\">Vous souhaitez engager une r\u00e9flexion sur l'IA \u00e9thique dans votre organisation ?<\/p>\n  <div class=\"tg-cta-actions\">\n    <a class=\"tg-cta-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/taniagombert.com\/index.php\/collaborons-ensemble\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Collaborons ensemble<\/a>\n    <a class=\"tg-cta-btn tg-cta-btn-secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/taniagombert.com\/index.php\/prenons-contact\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Prenons contact<\/a>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-tg_et_si elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"tg_et_si\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tg-et-si\">\n  <p>Et si le vrai test d'un algorithme \u00e9thique n'\u00e9tait pas ce qu'il optimise, mais ce qu'il refuse de perp\u00e9tuer ?<\/p>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-tg_signature elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"tg_signature\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tg-signature\">#JusteTania<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-120d449 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"120d449\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d84dea\" data-id=\"4d84dea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d44b651 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d44b651\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\n.tg-post-nav-wrap {\n  margin: 3.5rem auto 1.5rem;\n  max-width: 920px;\n  padding: 0 1rem;\n}\n.tg-post-nav-wrap .tg-nav-divider {\n  height: 1px;\n  background: linear-gradient(to right, transparent 0%, #D2BB95 20%, #D2BB95 80%, transparent 100%);\n  margin: 0 0 2rem;\n}\n.tg-post-nav {\n  display: grid;\n  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n  gap: 1.5rem;\n}\n.tg-post-nav .tg-nav-link {\n  display: block;\n  padding: 1.5rem 1.75rem;\n  background: #FAF6EE;\n  border: 1px solid #E8DCC2;\n  border-radius: 4px;\n  text-decoration: none !important;\n  color: #2C1F18 !important;\n  transition: all 0.25s ease;\n  position: relative;\n  overflow: hidden;\n}\n.tg-post-nav .tg-nav-link:hover {\n  background: #F5EFE5;\n  border-color: #B8762E;\n  transform: translateY(-2px);\n  box-shadow: 0 6px 18px rgba(44, 31, 24, 0.08);\n}\n.tg-post-nav .tg-nav-link:hover .tg-nav-arrow {\n  color: #B8762E;\n  transform: translateX(0);\n}\n.tg-post-nav .tg-nav-prev:hover .tg-nav-arrow { transform: translateX(-4px); 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gap: 0.75rem; }\n  .tg-post-nav .tg-nav-next,\n  .tg-post-nav .tg-nav-next .tg-nav-label { text-align: left; justify-content: flex-start; }\n  .tg-post-nav .tg-nav-link { padding: 1.25rem 1.5rem; }\n}\n\n\/* Si une seule direction pr\u00e9sente, prend toute la largeur sur desktop *\/\n.tg-post-nav.tg-nav-single { grid-template-columns: 1fr; max-width: 460px; margin: 0 auto; }\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"tg-post-nav-wrap\">\n  <div class=\"tg-nav-divider\"><\/div>\n  <div id=\"tg-nav-container\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function() {\n  var container = document.getElementById('tg-nav-container');\n  if (!container) return;\n  var urlMatch = window.location.pathname.match(\/\\\/(\\d{4})\\\/(\\d{2})\\\/(\\d{2})\\\/\/);\n  if (!urlMatch) return;\n  var y = urlMatch[1], mo = urlMatch[2], d = urlMatch[3];\n  var dateBefore = y + '-' + mo + '-' + d + 'T12:00:00';\n  var dateAfter  = y + '-' + mo + '-' + d + 'T12:00:01';\n  var base = '\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts?_fields=id,title,link,date';\n  function decode(str) {\n    var tmp = document.createElement('div');\n    tmp.innerHTML = str;\n    return tmp.textContent || tmp.innerText || str;\n  }\n  Promise.all([\n    fetch(base + '&before=' + encodeURIComponent(dateBefore) + '&per_page=1&orderby=date&order=desc'),\n    fetch(base + '&after='  + encodeURIComponent(dateAfter)  + '&per_page=1&orderby=date&order=asc')\n  ])\n  .then(function(rs) { return Promise.all(rs.map(function(r){ return r.json(); 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data-id=\"tg_heading_explore\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tous les articles<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-tg_filters_html elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"tg_filters_html\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tg-article-filters\">\n  <div class=\"tg-filter-group\">\n    <span class=\"tg-filter-label\">Leadership &amp; Management<\/span>\n    <div class=\"tg-pills\">\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/taniagombert.com\/category\/leadership\/\" class=\"tg-pill\">Leadership<\/a>\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/taniagombert.com\/category\/engagement\/\" class=\"tg-pill\">Engagement<\/a>\n      <a 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class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7372c5a\" data-id=\"7372c5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37670a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"37670a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":4913,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"zakra_general_container_width":0,"zakra_general_content_width":0,"zakra_general_sidebar_width":0,"zakra_sticky_header":"customizer","zakra_header_main_area":true,"zakra_site_logo_width":0,"zakra_header_top_enabled":"customizer","zakra_header_top_style":"customizer","zakra_primary_menu_item_style":"customizer","zakra_page_header_text_color":"","zakra_page_header_layout":"customizer","zakra_page_title_bg":"","zakra_footer_widgets_bg_image":0,"zakra_page_title_bg_repeat":"customizer","zakra_page_title_bg_position":"customizer","zakra_page_title_bg_size":"customizer","zakra_page_title_bg_attachment":"customizer","zakra_breadcrumbs_enabled":"customizer","zakra_breadcrumbs_text_color":"","zakra_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","zakra_breadcrumbs_link_color":"","zakra_breadcrumbs_link_hover_color":"","zakra_page_title_bg_image":0,"zakra_footer_widgets_enabled":"customizer","zakra_footer_column_layout_1_style":"customizer","zakra_footer_widgets_bg":"","zakra_footer_widgets_bg_repeat":"customizer","zakra_footer_widgets_bg_position":"customizer","zakra_footer_widgets_bg_size":"customizer","zakra_footer_widgets_bg_attachment":"customizer","zakra_footer_bar_enabled":"customizer","zakra_footer_bar_style":"customizer","zakra_page_container_layout":"customizer","zakra_page_sidebar_layout":"customizer","zakra_remove_content_margin":false,"zakra_sidebar":"customizer","zakra_transparent_header":"customizer","zakra_logo":0,"zakra_main_header_style":"default","zakra_menu_item_color":"","zakra_menu_item_hover_color":"","zakra_menu_item_active_color":"","zakra_menu_active_style":"","zakra_page_header":true,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4906","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tech-ia-ethique"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/taniagombert.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4906","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/taniagombert.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/taniagombert.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/taniagombert.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4906"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/taniagombert.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4906\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4908,"href":"https:\/\/taniagombert.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4906\/revisions\/4908"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/taniagombert.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4913"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/taniagombert.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4906"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/taniagombert.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4906"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/taniagombert.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4906"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}